A Bibliography of the Languages and Cultures of Nuristân and Environs

Arbabzadah, Nushin, and Nile Green
2022   "Between Afghan “Idolography” and Kafir “Autoethnography”: A Muslim Convert Describes His Former Religion." Journal of the American Oriental Society 142.3: 643-670.
Baart, Joan
2004   "Contrastive Tone in Kalam Kohistani." Linguistic Discovery, 2.2: 1-20.
Baart, Joan L.G., Henrik Liljegren and Thomas E. Payne (eds.).
2022   Languages of Northern Pakistan: Essays in Memory of Carla Radloff. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Barth, Fredrik
1956   Indus and Swat Kohistan: an Ethnographic Survey. Oslo: Forenede Trykkerier.
Barth, Fredrik, and Georg Morgenstierne
1958   "Vocabularies and Specimens of Some S. E. Dardic Dialects." NTS, 18: 118-136.
Bashir, Elena L.
1988   Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An Areal and Typological Perspective. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan.
Bailey, T. Grahame
1924   Grammar of the Shina (SiNâ) Language. London: Royal Asiatic Society.
Biddulph, John
1880   Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.
Buddruss, Georg
1959   Kanyawali: Proben eines Maiyâ˜-Dialektes aus Tangir (Hindukusch). Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, Beiheft B. München: J. Kitzinger.
1960   Die Sprache von Woṭapûr und Kaṭârqalâ: Linguistische Studien im afghanischen Hindukusch. Bonner Orientalistische Studien, N.S. 9. Bonn: Selbstverlag des Orientalischen Seminars der Universität Bonn.
1967   Die Sprache von Sau in Ostafghanistan: Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Dardischen Phalûra. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, Beiheft M. München: J. Kitzinger.
2005   "'Māra's Mühlenbau'; Analyse eines Prasun-Textes aus dem afghanischen Hindukush," in Hṛdā mánasā: Studies presented to Professor Leonard G. Herzenberg on the occasion of his 70-th birthday, ed. Nikolai N. Kazansky with the assistance of Eugenia R. Kryuchkova, Alexander S. Nikolaev, and Andrey V. Sharskov; St. Petersburg: Nauka. Pp. 653-692.
2006   "Drei Texte in der Wama-Sprache des afghanischen Hindukusch." in Indoiranskoe jazykoznanie i tipologija jazykovyx situacij, sbornik statej k 75-letiju professora A. L. Grjunberga (1930-1995)., editor-in-chief Mikhail N. Bogoljubov. St.-Petersburg: Nauka. Pp. 177-200.
Buddruss, Georg, and Almuth Degener
2015   Materialien zur Prasun-Sprache des afghanischen Hindukusch. Teil 1: Texte und Glossar. Harvard Oriental Series, Volume 80. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
2017   Materialien zur Prasun-Sprache des afghanischen Hindukusch. Teil 2: Grammatik. Harvard Oriental Series, Volume 84. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Cacopardo, Alberto M.
1991   "The Other Kalasha: A Survey of Kalashamun-Speaking People in Southern Chitral. Part I: The Eastern Area." East and West 41: 273-310.
Cacopardo, Augusto S.
1991   "The Other Kalasha: A Survey of Kalashamun-Speaking People in Southern Chitral. Part II: The Kalasha of Urtsun." East and West 41: 311-350.
Cacopardo, Alberto M., and Augusto S. Cacopardo
2001    Gates of Peristan: History, Religion, and Society in the Hindu Kush. Rome: Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente.
Cacopardo, Alberto M., and Augusto S. Cacopardo, eds.
2023    Roots of Peristan: The Pre-Islamic Cultures of the Hindukush/Karakorum. Serie Orientale Roma, n.s. 37. Roma: ISMEO.
Caroe, Olaf C.
1965   The Pathans: 550 BC – AD 1957. London: Macmillan & Company, Ltd.
Catford, John C.
1977   Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Decker, Kendall D.
1992   Languages of Chitral. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, Vol 5. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Decker, Sandra J.
1992   "Ushojo." In Languages of Kohistan, by Calvin R. Rensch, Sandra J. Decker, and Daniel G. Hallberg. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, Vol. 1. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Degener, Almuth
1998   Die Sprache von Nisheygram im afghanischen Hindukusch. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
Edelberg, Lennart, and Schuyler Jones
1979   Nuristan. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt.
Frazer-Tytler, W. K.
1967   Afghanistan: a Study of Political Developments in Central and Southern Asia. Third Edition, revised by M. C. Gillett. London: Oxford University Press.
Fussmann, Gérard
1972   Atlas linguistique des parlers dardes et kafirs. Publications de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient, vol. 86. Paris.
Greenberg, Joseph H.
2000   Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. Volume 1. Grammar. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
Grierson, George A.
1919   Indo-Aryan Family, North-Western Group: Specimens of the Dardic or Pišâcha Languages (including Kashmiri). Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. 8, Part 2. Calcutta.
1929   Torwali: An Account of a Dardic Language of the Swat Kohistan. London: Royal Asiatic Society.
Grimes, Barbara F., editor
1996.  Ethnologue, Thirteenth Edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Grjunberg, Aleksandr L.
1980   Jazyk Kati: teksty, grammaticheskij ocherk. Moskva: Glavnaja Redaktsija Vostochnoj Literatury.
1999   Articles "Kati jazyk," "Vaĭgali jazyk," "Zemiaki jazyk//dialekt," "Tregami jazyk//dialekt," "Ashkun jazyk," "Prasun jazyk." In Dardskie i nuristanskie jazyki. Dzhoi I. Edelʹman, ed. Moskva: Indrik. Pp. 101-135.
Hallberg, Daniel G.
1992   "The Languages of Indus Kohistan." In Languages of Kohistan, by Calvin R. Rensch, Sandra J. Decker, and Daniel G. Hallberg. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, Vol. 1. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Hamp, Eric P.
1968. "On *R in Kafir." In Studies in Indian Linguistics (Volume presented to Prof. M. B. Emeneau on his sixtieth birthday year) Poona: Deccan College. Pp. 124-137.
Heggarty, Paul, Cormac Anderson, Matthew Scarborough, Benedict King, Remco Bouckaert, Lechosław Jocz, Martin Joachim Kümmel, Thomas Jügel, Britta Irslinger, Roland Pooth, Henrik Liljegren, Richard F. Strand, Geoffrey Haig, Martin Macák, Ronald I. Kim, Erik Anonby, Tijmen Pronk, Oleg Belyaev, Tonya Kim Dewey-Findell, Matthew Boutilier, Cassandra Freiberg, Robert Tegethoff, Matilde Serangeli, Nikos Liosis, Krzysztof Stroński, Kim Schulte, Ganesh Kumar Gupta, Wolfgang Haak, Johannes Krause, Quentin D. Atkinson, Simon J. Greenhill, Denise Kühnert, and Russell D. Gray
2023   “Language trees with sampled ancestors support a hybrid model for the origin of Indo-European languages.” Science, Vol 381, Issue 6656. DOI: 10.1126/science.abg0818.
Holzwarth, Wolfgang
1994    "Sich verständlich mich: Tak und Shamlar aus Kamdesh beantworten einen Fragebogen des Generals Auguste Court zum "Kafirischen Lebensstil"." In Tradition und Translation: Zum Problem der interkulturellen Übersetzbarkeit religiöser Phänomene. (Festschrift für Carsten Colpe zum 65. Geburtstag) Christoph Elsas and Renate Haffke, Hans-Michael Haussig, Andreas Löw, Gesine Palmer, Bert Sommer, Marco S. Torini, eds. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter.   [Note: R. F. Strand has determined that the correct names of Court's consultants are T′uruk, son of Čânl′ü, and Ṣ′or Mâlik, son of Ṣâi′uk.]
n.d. (1997)    "Ein Kriegszug in das Bashgal-Tal (um 1790) und sein regionalpolitischer Kontext."
Hook, Peter E.
1990. "A Note on Expressions of Involuntary Experience in the Shina of Skardu." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies53: 77-82.
1997. "Relative Clauses in Eastern Shina." In Festschrift for Vitaly Shevoroshkin. Peter Michalove, Iren Hegedus, Alexis Manaster-Ramer, eds. Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series. Washington: Institute for the Study of Man. Pp. 140-154.
Jettmar, Karl, in collaboration with Lennart Edelberg
1974   Cultures of the Hindukush: Selected Papers from the Hindu-Kush Cultural Conference Held at Moesgård 1970. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung, Südasien- Institut, Universität Heidelberg, 1. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Jones, Schuyler
1966   An Annotated Bibliography of Nuristan (Kafiristan) and the Kalash Kafirs of Chitral, Part One. Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser udgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 41, 3. København: Munksgaard.
1969   An Annotated Bibliography of Nuristan (Kafiristan) and the Kalash Kafirs of Chitral, Part Two: Selected Documents from the Secret and Political Records, 1885- 1900. Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser udgivet af Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 43, 1. København: Munksgaard.
1974   Men of Influence in Nuristan. London and New York: Seminar Press.
Jones, Schuyler, and Peter S. C. Parkes
1974   "Ethnographic Notes on Clan/Lineage Houses in the Hindukush and "Clan Temples" & Descent Group Structure among the Kalasha ("Kalash Kafirs") of Chitral." Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Asian Studies, 1984, 1155-1176. Hong Kong: Asian Research Service.
Kakar, M. Hasan
1971   Afghanistan: a Study in International Political Developments 1880–1896. Kâbul [printed at Punjab Educational Press, Lahore].
Katz, David J.
1982   Kafir to Afghan: Religious Conversion, Political Incorporation, and Ethnicity in the Vaigal Valley, Nuristan. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Keiser, R. Lincoln
1971   Social Structure and Social Contol in Two Afghan Mountain Societies. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Rochester.
1991   Friend by Day, Enemy by Night: Organized Vengeance in a Kohistani Community. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Klimburg, Max
1999   The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush: Art and Society of the Waigal and Ashkun Kafirs. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
2001   "The situation in Nuristan." Central Asian Survey 20(3): 383-390.
2002   'The Arts and Culture of Parun, Kafiristan's "Sacred Valley".' Arts Asiatiques 57: 51-68.
2004   "The Arts and Societies of the Kafirs of the Hindu Kush." Central Asian Affairs 35.3: 365-386.
Koul, Omkar N. and Ruth Laila Schmidt
1983   "Dardistan revisited: An examination of the relationship between Kashmiri and Shina." In Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics. Omkar N. Koul and Peter E. Hook, eds. New Dehli: Bahri Publications.
Masica, Colin P.
1991   The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Morgenstierne, Georg
1926   Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan. Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Serie C I-2. Oslo.
1929a   "The Language of the Ashkun Kafirs." NTS, 2: 192-289.
1929b   Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages, Vol. 1, Parachi and Ormuri. ISK Serie B: Skrifter 11. Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co.
1930   "Notes on Torwali." Acta Orientalia, 8: 295-310.
1932   Report on a Linguistic Mission to North-Western India. Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Serie C III-1. Oslo.
1934a   "Additional Notes on Ashkun." NTS, 7: 56-115.
1934b   "Notes on Tirahi." Acta Orientalia, 12: 161-189.
1935   "The Personal Pronouns First and Second Plural in the Dardic and Kafir Languages." Indian Linguistics, 5: 63-67.
1936   "Iranian Elements in Khowar." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 8: 657-671. 18: 206-257.
1940   "Notes on Bashkarîk." Acta Orientalia, 18: 206-257.
1941   Notes on Phalûṛa, an Unknown Dardic Language of Chitral. Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo II, Hist.-Filos. Klasse, 1940, no.5. Oslo: Jacob Dybwad.
1942   "Notes on Dameli, a Kafir-Dardic language of Chitral." NTS, 12: 115-198.
1945a   "Indo-European k' in Kafiri." NTS, 13: 225-238.
1945b   "Notes on Shumashti, a Dardic dialect of the Gawar-Bati type." NTS, 13: 239-281.
1947a   "Some Features of Khowar Morphology." NTS, 14: 5-28.
1947b   "Metathesis of Liquids in Dardic." Festskrift til Professor Olaf Broch, Oslo.
1949   "The Language of the Prasun Kafirs." NTS, 15: 186-334.
1950   Notes on Gawar-Bati. Skrifter utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo II, Hist.-Filos. Klasse, 1950, no.1. Oslo: Jacob Dybwad.
1952   "Linguistic Gleanings from Nuristan." NTS, 16: 117-135.
1954   "The Waigali Language." NTS, 17: 146-324.
1961   "Dardic and Kâfir Languages." The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Vol. 2, Fasc. 25: 138-139. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1967   Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages, Vol. 3, The Pashai Language, Part 1, Grammar. ISK Serie B: Skrifter 40. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
1973   The Kalasha Language. Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages, Vol 4. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
NTS
Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Ovesen, Jan
1984   "On the Cultural Heritage of the Pashai." Anthropos, 79: 397-407.
Parkes, Peter
1987   "Livestock Symbolism and Pastoral Ideology among the Kafirs of the Hindu Kush." Man (N. S.), 22: 637-660.
1991   "Temple of Imra, Temple of Mahandeu: A Kafir sanctuary in Kalasha cosmology." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 54, Part 1: 75-103.
1992   "Recriprocity and Redistribution in Kalasha Prestige Feasts." Anthropozoologica, 16: 37-45.
1994   "Personal and Collective Identity in Kalasha Song Performance: The Significance of Music-making in a Minority Enclave," in Ethnicity, Identity and Music: The Musical Construction of Place, ed. Martin Stokes. Oxford and Providence, U.S.A.: Berg.
Pokorny, Julius
1959   Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch. Bern. (An online version, updated by George Starostin and Aleksandr Lubotsky, appears at http://dnghu.org/indoeuropean.html)
Radloff, Carla F.
1992   "The Dialects of Shina." In Languages of Northern Areas, by Peter C. Backstrom and Carla F. Radloff. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, Vol. 2. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Rensch, Calvin R.
1992   "Swat Kohistan." In Languages of Kohistan, by Calvin R. Rensch, Sandra J. Decker, and Daniel G. Hallberg. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, Vol. 1. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Robertson, George Scott
1896   The Káfirs of the Hindu-Kush. London: Lawrence & Bullen, Ltd.
Ruhlen, Merritt
1987.  A Guide to the World's Languages, Volume 1: Classification. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Sarianidi, V.
1999   "Near Eastern Aryans in Central Asia." Journal of Indo-European Studies 27.3-4: 295-326.
Schmidt, Ruth Laila
1982   "Report on a Survey of Dardic Languages of Kashmir." Indian Linguistics 42 (1981): 17-21.
1985   "Where Have the Shina Speakers Come From? Some Linguistic Clues." Journal of Central Asia 8.1: 17-26.
Schmidt, Ruth Laila, and Razwal Kohistani
1998   "Páalus/kosty'õ/Shina Revisited." Acta Orientalia 59: 106- 149.
2008.  A Grammar of the Shina Language of Indus Kohistan. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
Schmidt, Ruth Laila, with Mohammad Zarin
1981   "The Phonology and Tonal System of Pâlas /kohis'tyõ:/ Shina." Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, 40: 155-185.
Strand, Richard F.
1973   "Notes on the Nûristânî and Dardic Languages." Journal of the American Oriental Society, 93.3: 297-305.
1974a   "Native Accounts of Kom History," in Jettmar and Edelberg, eds, Cultures of the Hindukush (see above), 22-23. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
1974b   "Principles of Kinship Organization among the Kom Nuristani," in Jettmar and Edelberg, eds, Cultures of the Hindukush (see above), 51-56.
1974c   "A Note on Rank, Political Leadership, and Government among the Pre-Islamic Kom," in Jettmar and Edelberg, eds, Cultures of the Hindukush (see above), 57-63.
1975a   "Changing Socioeconomics in a Nuristani Tribe." Paper presented at the symposium "Designed Transformational Processes in Afghanistan." Annual Meeting, Association of Asian Studies, San Francisco, March 25, 1975.
1975b   "The Changing Herding Economy of the Kom Nuristani." Afghanistan Journal, 2.4: 123-134. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt.
1976a   "Tribal Versus National Government in Nuristan." Paper presented at the "Conference on Rural Life in Afghanistan: The Prospects for Development." Center for Afghanistan Studies, University of Nebraska at Omaha, September 23-25, 1976.
1976b    Review of Schuyler Jones, Men of Influence in Nuristan. Journal of Asian Studies 35.4: 712-713.
1978   "Ethnic Competition and Tribal Schism in Eastern Nuristan." In Ethnic Processes and Intergroup Relations in Contemporary Afghanistan, Jon W. Anderson and Richard F. Strand, eds. Occasional Paper No. 15 of the Afghanistan Council of the Asia Society. New York: Asia Society, 9-14.
1983   "Local Insurgency Versus the Peshawar Parties in Nuristan." Talk given at the panel "Afghanistan: The Resistance in the Fourth Year — Additional Views." Forum on Afghanistan, Loy Henderson Conference Room, Department of State, Washington, D.C., December 12-13, 1983.
1984a   "The Evolution of Anti-Communist Resistance in Eastern Nuristan," in Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan, ed. M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield, 77-93. Berkeley, California: Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley.
1984b   "Kho," in Muslim Peoples (Second Edition), ed. Richard V. Weekes, 1: 402-404. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1984c   "Kohistanis," in Muslim Peoples (Second Edition), ed. Richard V. Weekes, 1: 411-413. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1984d   "Nuristanis," in Muslim Peoples (Second Edition), ed. Richard V. Weekes, 2: 569-574. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1985   "Locality and Nominal Relationships in Kamviri," in Proceedings of the Conference on Participant Roles: South Asia and Adjacent Areas, ed. Arlene R. K. Zide, David Magier, and Eric Schiller, 48-57. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
1991   "Depicting Cognitive Images in Kâmviri." Paper given at the 20th Annual Conference on South Asia, University of Wisconsin, Madison, November, 1991.
1997a   "An Overview of The Nuristâni Languages." Paper given at the 3rd Himalayan Languages Symposium, University of California at Santa Barbara, 18 July 1997. (Reprinted here).
1997b   "An Overview of The Kâmviri Verbal System." Paper given at the 3rd Himalayan Languages Symposium, University of California at Santa Barbara, 18 July 1997. (Abstract reprinted here).
1997c   "Direction and Location in the Nuristâni Languages." Paper given at the 3rd Himalayan Languages Symposium, University of California at Santa Barbara, 18 July 1997. (Abstract reprinted here).
1999a     Review of Die Sprache von Nisheygram im afghanischen Hindukusch, by Almuth Degener. Acta Orientalia 60: 236-244.
1999b     Kâmviri Lexicon. (On this website).
2000     Aćharêtâʹ Lexicon. (On this website).
2001a     "The Tongues of Peristân," in Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush, by Alberto M. Cacopardo and Augusto S. Cacopardo, 251-259. Rome: Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente.
2001b     "The History of the Açharʹîta," in Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush, by Alberto M. Cacopardo and Augusto S. Cacopardo, 297-300. Rome: Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. (Reprinted from here)
2009     "Social Change in Eastern Nuristân: 1978-2009," in Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Afghanistan, 1979-2009: In the Grip of Conflict. Washington, DC: The Middle East Institute. (Available here.)
2010     "Nurestâni Languages," in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, available here  [Note: the editors of the Encyclopaedia Iranica removed this article for "reformatting" and have failed to restore it since 2018].
2013     "Dardic and Nūristānī Languages," in The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Third Edition, Part 2013-4, 101-103. Leiden: Brill.
2016     "Nuristani." In Hans Henrich Hock and Elena Bashir (eds.) The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics, Volume 7: 66-72. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
2022a     "Phonatory Location in the Far North-Western Indo-Âryan Languages." In Baart, Joan L.G., Henrik Liljegren and Thomas E. Payne (eds.) Languages of Northern Pakistan: Essays in Memory of Carla Radloff, 446-495. Karachi: Oxford University Press. (Pre-publication version available here.)
2022b     “Ethnolinguistic and genetic clues to Nûristânî origins.” International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction 19: 267-353. (2022) Wiesbaden: Reichert. (Offprint available here.)
2023     "Kâmboǰâs and Sakas in the Holly-Oak Mountains: On the Origins of the Nûristânîs." In Cacopardo, Alberto M., and Augusto S. Cacopardo, eds., Roots of Peristan: The Pre-Islamic Cultures of the Hindukush/Karakorum. Serie Orientale Roma, n.s. 37, Part II: 781-808. Roma: ISMEO. (Offprint available here.)
Summer Institute of Linguistics
1992   Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, (in 5 volumes). Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Tâza, Samîˁullâh
1995     Alifbâî-i zabân-i nûristânî [Alphabets of Nûristâni language]. (self published).
2000     Adabiyât-i šafâhî-i nûristân [The oral literature of Nûristân]. Peshawar: Dâniš Kitâbîûn, Qis̤a Xawânî.
2017     Farhang-i zabân-i nûristânî (Kalaṣə alâ). [Dictionary of the Nûristânî Language Kalaṣə alā]. Kâbul?: Muˀasasa-i baîn al-millî-i zabân šinâsî-i s̪amar [SIL International].
Turner, Ralph L.
1966   A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages. London: Oxford University Press.