Richard Strand's Nuristân Site:Languages of the Hindu-Kush

Map

Languages of the Hindu-Kush

Indo-Aryan Branch of the
Indo-Iranian Languages

Pashaî [1]
- Western (pašaî proper)
  - Panjshir–Pachaghân
  - Alishang–Uzbin
  - Upper Alingar (?)
  - Tagâw ("South-Western")
- Eastern
  - Laghmân Group
    - kurmait'o ("Laghmâni")
    - "damenči"
    - s'ûm dialect
  - Kunar Group ("šʹâṛi", a Pashto term for Pashaî speakers)
    - degân'o
    - Upper Darra-i Nur
    - Lower Darra-i Nur
  - Pech Group ("North-Eastern")
    - Čalâsi–Kuṛangali
    - čûganî
Pech Group
- Gṛangali (g'õgali)–Nungalâmi [2]
- Šumašti [3]
- ga(h)wâr-bâti [4]
(Pech-Kunar Group ?)
- Kaṭâr-Qalâi [5] (?)
Chitral Group
- Kalaṣa [6]
  - kal'aṣa-mandr
  - kal'aṣa-mun(d)
- khow`ar [7]
Tirâhi [8] (not on map)
Kohistâni Group
- Western
  - dåmia-båṣa ("Dameḷi") [9] (?)
  - Dir Kohistâni–garv'i ("Bashkarik") [10]
- Eastern
  - Indus Kohistâni ("Maiyâ˜") [11]
    - Duber–Kandia
    - Paṭan–kanyawâli
  - Gowro [12]
  - Cilisso [13]
  - bhaṭesa-zîb [14]
  - Torwâli [15]
Shina (ṣinâ') [16]
- Čilâsi
  - Dispersed dialects
    - aćharêtâ' (palôlâ')
    - ušuǰu (?)
    - Kalkoṭi (?)
  - kohistyo˜
  - Eastern dialects
    - Astori, Drasi, etc.
- Gilgiti
  - Brokskat
Kashmiri [17] (not on map)
- Kashtawâṛi
- Poguli
[Remaining Indo-Aryan groups are located to the east and south. Included in these are Hindko and Guǰuri, which appear on the map]

Nuristâni Branch of the
Indo-Iranian Languages

Southern Group
- Âṣkuňu [1]
  - âṣkuňu-veːri
    - Bâźâigal
    - Kolatâ˜
    - Titin
  - saňu-viːri
  - grâmsaňâ-viːri
- kalaṣa-alâ [2]
  - varǰan-alâ
    - vä-alâ (vai-alâ)
    - ameš-alâ
    - ǰâmameš-alâ
    - ẓö˜č-alâ
  - čima-nišei-alâ
    - nišei-alâ
    - čimi-alâ
- Tregâmi [3]
Northern Group
- kâmk'ata-viri [4]
  - kât'a-vari
    - Eastern kât'a-vari
    - Western kât'a-vari
      - kt'ivřâ·i vari
  - mumv'iri
  - kâmv'iri
- vâsi-vari [5]
  - uṣ'üt-var'e
  - üš'üt-üć'ü-zum'u-vari
  - ṣup'u-var'i

Iranian Branch of the
Indo-Iranian Languages

Eastern Group

Northern Group
- Ossetian [1] (not on map)
- Yaǧnobi [2] (not on map)
Southern Group
- Pashto (paxt'o) [3]
- Munǰi–Yidǧa (idǧa) [4]
- Iškâšmi–Sangleči [5]
- Wâxi (xik) [6]
- Pamir Group
  - Šuǧni Group [7]
    - Šuǧni–Baǰuvi
    - Rošâni–Xufi
    - Bartangi–Orošori–Sarikoli
  - Yazǧulâmi [8]

Western Group

Northern Group
- Parači [9]
- Ormuṛi [10] (not on map)
- [Kurdish, Baloči, and other languages to the west]
Southern Group
- Persian (fârsi) [11]
- [other languages to the west]

Unaffiliated Language

bur'ušaski

Language and dialect names are in boldface; indigenous names are italicized; geographically based dialect names are in normal font. Within each phylogenetic branch languages (as opposed to dialects) are numbered for referential clarity. Colors are keyed to those on the map. A question mark (?) indicates that the classification of the preceding item is not thoroughly established.